Attiyah Zahdeh
April 1st, 2009, 06:17 AM
Attiyah's Paradox
{An Extremely Bright, white appearance of Almost Completely Dark Sun}
[An Extremely Bright Sunburst of Almost Completely Dark Sun]
{Almost Completely Dark Sun Having an Extremely Bright, White Appearance}
[Almost Completely Dark Sun Having an Extremely Bright, White Sunburst]
Abstract
Due to the sunspots, the cause of their apparent darkness, and their effect in the enhancement of the solar radiance as observed at the Earth, it is possible to find that the Sun, at the Sun itself, or at the Moon, or at SOHO, or at the Earth by a telescope, is really almost completely dark meanwhile, at the Earth by naked-eye observers, it is simultaneously seen extremely brightly white!
So, with respect to the Earth-based observers, how does the solar radiance seem really increased meanwhile, owing to the sunspots, the solar radiance is really decreased?
How do the sunspots really decrease the brightness of the photosphere and at the same time the Earth-based observers see that the brightness of the photosphere is increased?
How do the naked-eye Earth-based observers find an increase in the solar radiance and brightness, meanwhile at the same time and place, the telescope-aided observers find a decrease in the brightness of the photosphere represented in the increased darkness of the sunspots?
Who can believe or accept that as the brightness of the same photosphere increases its very brightness decreases simultaneously?
Introduction
What is a sunspot?
A sunspot is a black-appearing photospheric planet-sized patch which temporarily has a concentrated magnetic field housing relatively intense magnetic activities in the form of solar self-perpetuating magnetic storms. Only rarely could sunspots be seen by the naked eye.
Why do sunspots appear dark?
Relative to its photospheric surroundings, the ambient regions of the visible solar disk, the sunspot appears darker due to its cooler temperature that is about 4000 degrees kelvin meanwhile the average temperature of the normal photspheric regions is about 5800 degrees kelvin. Thus, the sunspot capability of emitting light is relatively so weak. Hence, contrasted with the ambient photosphere it seems dark. So, if a sunspot of an average size, say 30,000 km in diameter, were separated from the solar disk and placed in the nighttime sky about 150,000,000 km far from the Earth, it would appear as bright as the full Moon.
Explanation
The Earth receives solar light from both of the solar corona and the photosphere. The contribution of the solar corona to the overall solar radiance is practically negligible. Hence, scientists consider that the photosphere is the origin of almost all the daylight. In other words, scientists consider that the daylight is primarily due to a solar light almost all of which come directly from the Sun. Plainly, they see that all the contribution of the solar light to the daylight comes directly from the Sun, particularly, from the photosphere. Is this consideration right? Does all the apparent contribution of the solar light to the daylight come only from pure solar origin?
According to the definition of the sunspots and their observed light and heat effects on the Earth, it could be concluded that the colder and darker the photosphere, the brighter the Sun should be seen at the Earth. In other words, as the photosphere darkens due to the sunspots, the Sun seems brighter due to the effect of the sunspots themselves in the increase of the solar radiance as received at the Earth.
Well, the sunspots mark the level of the solar activity; the greater the number and size of the sunspots, the stronger the solar activity is. No doubt, it is safe to say that the stronger the solar activity, the brighter the Sun seems at the Earth. Consequently, the greater the darkness of the photosphere, in the Sun's visible disk, due to the sunspots, the brighter the Sun should be seen at the Earth. In other words, relative to the Earth-based observers, the brightness of the Sun is directly proportional to its darkness due to the sunspots. Hence, the latter conclusion is a paradox that I tend to call Attiyah's paradox.
In aggregate, because of the sunspots which, as established from the association of the solar activity with them, enhance the solar light received at the Earth, we find that there at the Sun itself the brightness of the photosphere decreases meaning a real decrease in the solar radiation, but at the same time the Earth-based observers can record an increase in the brightness of the visible disk of the Sun itself i.e. an increase in the brightness of the photosphere itself could be observed at the Earth.
Accordingly, how does the photosphere lose some of its brightness and so gets darker, meanwhile the Sun itself, particularly the photosphere itself, as seen at the Earth, appears brighter?
Unsuccessful Interpretation
Some scientists attempted to solve the problem of what I named Attiyah's paradox. They claimed that while the temperature of the sunspot becomes greatly less than its photospheric surroundings, the margins of the sunspot itself become greatly hotter than the encircling photosphere. In other words, it seems to me that they thought that the supposed overall increase of the brightness in the margins of the sunspots can compensate for the overall decrease of the brightness the sunspots themselves cause.
So far, quantitatively speaking, were this notion of compensation right, then the total increase of the brightness in the margins of the sunspots should be equal to the total decrease of the brightness due to the sunspots themselves.
Any way, two things refuse the notion that the overall increase of the brightness in the margins of the sunspots can compensate for the overall decrease of the brightness the sunspots themselves cause:
(1) There are no any observations or reports disclosing any significant increase in the temperature of the margins of the sunspots. Moreover, were there a sufficiently compensating increase in the temperature of the margins of the sunspots, this increase itself should be in the range of about 1500-2000 degrees Kelvin encompassing a size comparable to the size of the sunspots themselves.
http://broadcast.homestead.com/Swedish_20sunspots1.jpg
http://www.astropix.com/HTML/G_SUN/SS486488.HTM
http://noolmusic.com/blogs/Pics_Sunspots.shtml
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/synoptic/sunspots/
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/synoptic/sunspots_earth/
http://www.altavista.com/image/results?itag=ody&kgs=1&kls=0&q=sunspots&stq=20
(2) Depending on the agreed-on interpretation of the apparent darkness of the sunspots, and since the supposedly heightened-temperature margins are to be greatly hotter than the surrounding photosphere, we can say that on being contrasted with the margins themselves, this surrounding photosphere should appear relatively dark. In other terms, according to the interpretation that the darkness of the sunspot is a matter of contrast, and on the basis of analogy, the margins of the sunspots should appear as the brightest regions of the photosphere.
Well, on reviewing many images of the sunspots, I did not find any dark frame encircling the margins of any sunspot, or that the margins of any sunspot are so brighter than the rest of the photosphere. No doubt, in all the available images of the sunspots one cannot find any structure such that this sunspot or that shows a relatively bright marginal frame encircled by a relatively dark photosphere.
So far, one may ask: how could Attiyah's paradox be solved?
Explicitly saying, Only Attiyah's Sun theory has the acceptable answer. However, in its turn, Attiyah's paradox supports Attiyah's Sun theory.
Attiyah's Solution to Attiyah's Paradox
There is no possibility to reach any decisive solution unless our springboard be the acceptance of the formation of a bright transparent "membrane of light", photo membrane, from a light-generating source somewhere in between the Sun body and Earth, such that the intensity of its light is capable of making the Sun, with respect to the naked-eye observers, acquire a homogeneous appearance able to conceal the sunspots roughly completely by outshining the effect of the contrast in the photosphere.
No doubt, the following question is the key to the solution of Attiyah's paradox. Does all the apparent contribution of the solar light to the daylight come only from pure solar origin?
In reality, there is no source for the generation of intense light in between the Sun and Earth other than the ionosphere-magnetosphere couple. In this context, it is necessary to know that, first of all, the generation of the light by the ionosphere-magnetosphere couple must have an intimate association with the sunspots (or the solar activity). This raises the following question. Does the ionosphere-magnetosphere system house any light-generating phenomenon such that, first, it is intimately associated with the sunspots, second, capable of illuminating the whole sky and, third, all the properties of its light could be detected in the solar light as received at the Earth?
Yes, certainly.
Please continue.
{An Extremely Bright, white appearance of Almost Completely Dark Sun}
[An Extremely Bright Sunburst of Almost Completely Dark Sun]
{Almost Completely Dark Sun Having an Extremely Bright, White Appearance}
[Almost Completely Dark Sun Having an Extremely Bright, White Sunburst]
Abstract
Due to the sunspots, the cause of their apparent darkness, and their effect in the enhancement of the solar radiance as observed at the Earth, it is possible to find that the Sun, at the Sun itself, or at the Moon, or at SOHO, or at the Earth by a telescope, is really almost completely dark meanwhile, at the Earth by naked-eye observers, it is simultaneously seen extremely brightly white!
So, with respect to the Earth-based observers, how does the solar radiance seem really increased meanwhile, owing to the sunspots, the solar radiance is really decreased?
How do the sunspots really decrease the brightness of the photosphere and at the same time the Earth-based observers see that the brightness of the photosphere is increased?
How do the naked-eye Earth-based observers find an increase in the solar radiance and brightness, meanwhile at the same time and place, the telescope-aided observers find a decrease in the brightness of the photosphere represented in the increased darkness of the sunspots?
Who can believe or accept that as the brightness of the same photosphere increases its very brightness decreases simultaneously?
Introduction
What is a sunspot?
A sunspot is a black-appearing photospheric planet-sized patch which temporarily has a concentrated magnetic field housing relatively intense magnetic activities in the form of solar self-perpetuating magnetic storms. Only rarely could sunspots be seen by the naked eye.
Why do sunspots appear dark?
Relative to its photospheric surroundings, the ambient regions of the visible solar disk, the sunspot appears darker due to its cooler temperature that is about 4000 degrees kelvin meanwhile the average temperature of the normal photspheric regions is about 5800 degrees kelvin. Thus, the sunspot capability of emitting light is relatively so weak. Hence, contrasted with the ambient photosphere it seems dark. So, if a sunspot of an average size, say 30,000 km in diameter, were separated from the solar disk and placed in the nighttime sky about 150,000,000 km far from the Earth, it would appear as bright as the full Moon.
Explanation
The Earth receives solar light from both of the solar corona and the photosphere. The contribution of the solar corona to the overall solar radiance is practically negligible. Hence, scientists consider that the photosphere is the origin of almost all the daylight. In other words, scientists consider that the daylight is primarily due to a solar light almost all of which come directly from the Sun. Plainly, they see that all the contribution of the solar light to the daylight comes directly from the Sun, particularly, from the photosphere. Is this consideration right? Does all the apparent contribution of the solar light to the daylight come only from pure solar origin?
According to the definition of the sunspots and their observed light and heat effects on the Earth, it could be concluded that the colder and darker the photosphere, the brighter the Sun should be seen at the Earth. In other words, as the photosphere darkens due to the sunspots, the Sun seems brighter due to the effect of the sunspots themselves in the increase of the solar radiance as received at the Earth.
Well, the sunspots mark the level of the solar activity; the greater the number and size of the sunspots, the stronger the solar activity is. No doubt, it is safe to say that the stronger the solar activity, the brighter the Sun seems at the Earth. Consequently, the greater the darkness of the photosphere, in the Sun's visible disk, due to the sunspots, the brighter the Sun should be seen at the Earth. In other words, relative to the Earth-based observers, the brightness of the Sun is directly proportional to its darkness due to the sunspots. Hence, the latter conclusion is a paradox that I tend to call Attiyah's paradox.
In aggregate, because of the sunspots which, as established from the association of the solar activity with them, enhance the solar light received at the Earth, we find that there at the Sun itself the brightness of the photosphere decreases meaning a real decrease in the solar radiation, but at the same time the Earth-based observers can record an increase in the brightness of the visible disk of the Sun itself i.e. an increase in the brightness of the photosphere itself could be observed at the Earth.
Accordingly, how does the photosphere lose some of its brightness and so gets darker, meanwhile the Sun itself, particularly the photosphere itself, as seen at the Earth, appears brighter?
Unsuccessful Interpretation
Some scientists attempted to solve the problem of what I named Attiyah's paradox. They claimed that while the temperature of the sunspot becomes greatly less than its photospheric surroundings, the margins of the sunspot itself become greatly hotter than the encircling photosphere. In other words, it seems to me that they thought that the supposed overall increase of the brightness in the margins of the sunspots can compensate for the overall decrease of the brightness the sunspots themselves cause.
So far, quantitatively speaking, were this notion of compensation right, then the total increase of the brightness in the margins of the sunspots should be equal to the total decrease of the brightness due to the sunspots themselves.
Any way, two things refuse the notion that the overall increase of the brightness in the margins of the sunspots can compensate for the overall decrease of the brightness the sunspots themselves cause:
(1) There are no any observations or reports disclosing any significant increase in the temperature of the margins of the sunspots. Moreover, were there a sufficiently compensating increase in the temperature of the margins of the sunspots, this increase itself should be in the range of about 1500-2000 degrees Kelvin encompassing a size comparable to the size of the sunspots themselves.
http://broadcast.homestead.com/Swedish_20sunspots1.jpg
http://www.astropix.com/HTML/G_SUN/SS486488.HTM
http://noolmusic.com/blogs/Pics_Sunspots.shtml
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/synoptic/sunspots/
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/synoptic/sunspots_earth/
http://www.altavista.com/image/results?itag=ody&kgs=1&kls=0&q=sunspots&stq=20
(2) Depending on the agreed-on interpretation of the apparent darkness of the sunspots, and since the supposedly heightened-temperature margins are to be greatly hotter than the surrounding photosphere, we can say that on being contrasted with the margins themselves, this surrounding photosphere should appear relatively dark. In other terms, according to the interpretation that the darkness of the sunspot is a matter of contrast, and on the basis of analogy, the margins of the sunspots should appear as the brightest regions of the photosphere.
Well, on reviewing many images of the sunspots, I did not find any dark frame encircling the margins of any sunspot, or that the margins of any sunspot are so brighter than the rest of the photosphere. No doubt, in all the available images of the sunspots one cannot find any structure such that this sunspot or that shows a relatively bright marginal frame encircled by a relatively dark photosphere.
So far, one may ask: how could Attiyah's paradox be solved?
Explicitly saying, Only Attiyah's Sun theory has the acceptable answer. However, in its turn, Attiyah's paradox supports Attiyah's Sun theory.
Attiyah's Solution to Attiyah's Paradox
There is no possibility to reach any decisive solution unless our springboard be the acceptance of the formation of a bright transparent "membrane of light", photo membrane, from a light-generating source somewhere in between the Sun body and Earth, such that the intensity of its light is capable of making the Sun, with respect to the naked-eye observers, acquire a homogeneous appearance able to conceal the sunspots roughly completely by outshining the effect of the contrast in the photosphere.
No doubt, the following question is the key to the solution of Attiyah's paradox. Does all the apparent contribution of the solar light to the daylight come only from pure solar origin?
In reality, there is no source for the generation of intense light in between the Sun and Earth other than the ionosphere-magnetosphere couple. In this context, it is necessary to know that, first of all, the generation of the light by the ionosphere-magnetosphere couple must have an intimate association with the sunspots (or the solar activity). This raises the following question. Does the ionosphere-magnetosphere system house any light-generating phenomenon such that, first, it is intimately associated with the sunspots, second, capable of illuminating the whole sky and, third, all the properties of its light could be detected in the solar light as received at the Earth?
Yes, certainly.
Please continue.